Mismatch between Supply and Demand Essay

(a) Natural environment = they are actually doing things that will help our environment be healthy. We are human beings and these environments are our necessary needs and they are taking good care of these, so when something natural hazards happen in the future, people will start to realize that Yuhan-Kimberly took care of the environment for our own goods. ìš °Ã« ¦ ¬Ã¬ Ëœ ì‚ ¶Ãª ³ ¼ ì §Ë†Ã¬ â€ž íâ€" ¥Ã¬Æ' Ã¬â€¹Å"í‚ ¤Ã«Å â€Ãª ²Æ' (b) Economic = They are contributing some of their profits to the society. People will someday realize these contributions and therefore, will buy Yuhan-Kimberly’s products, which means their revenue will go up. Consumers these days are smart and thinking and we have to realize this fact. (c) Demographic = Yuhan-Kimberly has been planting trees and donating to many other countries other than Korea. This is not an easy thing. Although the purpose of planting trees in China and Mongolia was to help protect Korean citizens from being sick from the winds that blow from these regions but their action has actually helped Chinese and Mongolians as well. These two countries are big countries with lots of potential power. By keep contributing to these countries, Yuhan-Kimberly would be able to branch out their markets to more regions. Threats in their long-term marketing environment (a) Natural environment = The fact that main products of Yuhan-Kimberly is of using all the natural resources, they would need to consistently appeal that they are really thinking about their environment just like now, but there will also need to be something new to remind their customers about it. (b) Economic = All the other companies are trying to follow the model of being ‘green.’ That means there are no points of differentiation at this point from Yuhan-Kimberly and all the other corporations. Consumers are smart these days. They know and care about companies’ they buy products from. Because business play a pivotal role in job and wealth creation in society, CSR is a central management concern. It positions companies to both proactively manage risks and take advantage of opportunities, especially with respect to their corporate reputation and broad engagement of stakeholders. Globalization Guidelines from the governments and intergovernmental bodies (UN) Advances in communications technology- easier to track corporate activities and disseminate information about the corporation- people do not like companies who do bad things. Consumers and investors are showing increasing interest in supporting responsible business practices and are demanding more information on how companies are addressing risks and opportunities related to social and environmental issues. Increasing awareness from consumers / investors/ governments 4. (a) Invested lots of money to develop functionally superior and comfortable products- made it to fit Korean consumers (b) Used non celebrity – usually college students (mostly feminine products are used by college students – attack these ë §Ë†Ã¬ Å')  © they took considerations on how to make specialized products for Korean consumers (ì ² ´Ã­Ëœâ€¢/ needs) (d) has their own research and development center ïÆ'   they took consideration on their consumer’s culture (í•Å"ê µ ­Ã¬ â‚¬ ë §Ë†Ã« £ ¨Ã« °â€Ã«â€¹ ¥Ã¬  ´Ã«â€¹Ë†Ãª ¹  ê ¸ °Ã¬  â‚¬Ãª ·â‚¬Ãª °â‚¬ ì ¢â‚¬ ë â€ íâ€" Ã«   Ã­â€¢ ´Ã« â€ž ì˜ ¤Ã« ¬ ¼Ã«â€œ ¤Ã¬  ´ ìÆ'ˆë â€ž ë‹ ¦Ã¬ â€ž 수 있ìÅ" ¼Ã«â€¹Ë† ê ´Å"ì ° ®Ã¬ Å') /

Academic Research and Communication Skills

The research study could not be completed without their guidance, assistance inspiration and co-operation. This project report is the fruit of intense hard work and dedication during the project work. I wish to thank our project supervisor Mr.. Fanfare Imam for his esteemed guidance during the course of project work. I am grateful to him for giving me an insight Into the realm of Academic Research and Communication Skills and build up a strong foundation. In spite of his busy schedule, he was always available whenever I required help.I appreciate all the technical help received from various sources. ABSTRACT The first and most objective of my study is the comparative analysis of consumer eying behavior from the local traditional markets and organized retail shops in India specifically Iambi. The study of consumer behavior is the most important factor for marketing of any goods and services. It suggests how an individual, groups and organization select ,buy, use and dispose the goods, services, ideas or experiences to satisfy their needs and wants.The term ‘retail' means to put on the market, and Is a very Important aspect of every city. Without a well organized retail industry we would not have our necessities and brings us a blissful experience of shopping. Though organized retailing industry began much earlier in the developed nations, India had not actively participated. However with its vast expanse and young population, India in the 21st century emerges as a highly potential retail market. Now-a-days the phrase ‘Shopping Mall' is synonymous to ‘comfort' which is what each consumer today desires.

King Lear: Family Relationships, Human Nature and Its Failings Essay

â€Å"I love your majesty according to my bond; no more nor less† (I. i. 94-95). Good morning teachers and HSC students. King Lear, a timeless story of family relationships, human nature and its failings. But what makes this play â€Å"timeless†? The fact that it contains universal themes of love, jealousy and family relationships makes it applicable to modern times even though it was written for a 16thcentury audience. Two critics that have commented on the thematic concerns of family relationships and human nature are Maggie Tomlinson in â€Å"A violent world† and Jim Young in â€Å"Still through the hawthorn blows the cold wind†, both of which I’ll be discussing, today in detail. The concept of family relationships is a prevalent theme that can be viewed on many levels, such as the deterioration, renewal and the nature of familial bonds. There are many family relationships in the plot of King Lear, with the two major ones relating to the sub plot of Gloucester and the main plot of Lear. In both these relationships, betrayal is the major factor that contributes to the deterioration of the kinship. In Gloucester’s case, through the simple act of humiliating Edmund, where Gloucester says in his presence â€Å"There was good sport at his making and the whoreson must be acknowledged† (1. 1. 21-24), he created a rift in the relationship. Maggie Tomlinson brings up a rather significant point when she comments on the nature of the relationship and the trust that is abused. She states â€Å"The evidence is simply not the sort of thing any one let alone a father would believe in† This illustrates the trust that is built in these types of relationships and the ability of it to be exploited. Family relationships are also seen between the daughters and King Lear. Shakespeare cleverly investigates the nature of relationships through Lear’s test to see who loves him the most. Goneril and Regan are portrayed as manipulative people with the gift of words and courtly manners, but it can be noted that Cordelia also loves her father but cannot express it where she says â€Å"I am sure my love’s more ponderous than my tongue† (I. i. 76-78). With the absence of a maternal figure, one could question how much Lear love’s, let alone, knows about his daughter. The fact that he banishes Cordelia, when she cannot express her love, shows the little knowledge he has of her weaknesses and strengths or the state of his mind. After surrendering his power, Lear demands love from his daughters Goneril and Regan, but does not receive, so he begins to plead. Jim Young comments on this deteriorating relationship, where Lear’s perspective is that his daughters owe him love because of the material gifts he has given them †Thy half of the kingdom thou hast not forget, where in I thee endowed† ( II. iv. 177-181). This emphasises the obligations of the forced relationship instead of its natural occurrence. Another aspect that is deeply investigated in King Lear is human nature and its failings. To define human nature it is the attributes of humankind that are assumed to be shared by all human beings, making it a timeless theme. To be human is to fault and to learn from one’s mistakes. Temptation is a core aspect that causes these faults and is part of human nature. Throughout the play, temptation can be seen especially through that of Lear. Its human nature to feel love but one of Lear’s flaws is his pride, he wants to be praised, hear how much he is loved. But this flaw in his nature of temptation causes his downfall and the loss of his sanity. In his confusion, he becomes metaphorically blind. It is only during the storm that he receives his own test, where things might change or cease. It is in this storm that he goes back to nature as a primal being, where the only thing that distinguished him from an animal, was stripped , that is the ability to think and reason. Here, he is stripped of all clothes, and hence dignity presenting the failing of ones nature. Young goes on to say that Lear only becomes sane because of those around him especially the Fool. The Fool stands by with Lear and shares his in sufferings but is specific about one point: â€Å"Never give your power to anyone†. It is human nature to want power and respect, and when Lear gives it away, as seen through the losing of his knights, he himself becomes a fool. Lastly, Shakespeare also investigates human nature’s connection to redemption in Edmond. Edmond seeks redemption before he dies, where death is the redemptive justice. Knowing that he was not to live, he tried to change his evil nature by notifying others to go and save Cordelia from his murderous messenger, but as Maggie Tomlinson said, Shakespeare cleverly incorporates the attempts of a person to change their nature. Here, Edmond fails and is responsible for Cordelia’s death. Tomlinson brings up the question if whether this shows that we can attempt to change, but it is our human nature to be conservative and not dwell into unfamiliar territory, and hence Edmond tries to do good by saving Cordelia but only fails. King Lear will continue to remain a timeless story, and enlighten audiences about family relationships and human nature, for years to come. One could only wonder if those in Shakespeare’s time appreciated the play, the amount it is appreciated now. Thank you.

CONTRACT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

CONTRACT - Essay Example The facts at hand clearly do not point to common mistake. The mistake that is relevant in respect of the facts is one whereby consent is negative because one party is under a mistake. As Professor Goodhart (1941) states ‘there is no breach of the law of contract which is more uncertain and difficult than that which is concerned with the effect of mistake on the formation of a contract’. In respect of the facts at hand the mistake that is relevant is the one of identity of the other contracting party. Generally the identity of the other party is immaterial. In respect of the claims of ES against the third party an action under tort can be brought about whereby the English Law principle of nemo dat quad non habet (you cannot give what you do not have) would apply and if the person who sold the goods to the third party does not own any right to them then such goods have to be returned. As far as ES and IE are concerned under contract if there has been an assumption of false identity then a claim of fraud can also be made against the rogue. Fraudulent misrepresentation in this respect would lead to the contract being held voidable. Thus if there has been a mistake as to identity of the person who was under such mistaken belief can argue that the contract b set aside on the basis that the contract was entered into on the basis of mistake and thus is void tthereby having no legal effects whatsoever. Thus mistake is a better option as compared to fraud (Lord Nicholls in Shogun Finance Ltd. v. Hudson 2. In respect of mistake as to identity there is necessity to distinguish between contracts that have been entered into orally and those that have been entered into in writing. After the decision of Shogun the courts have found that where the dealing between the parties is fact to fact, there is a presumption in law that the parties intend on dealing with each other. Thus mistake as to true name would not be a sufficient reason. In respect of contracts in writ ing, the names of the parties bear greater significance because of the need for certainty in respect of written contract. Thus Lord Nicholls in Shogun stated that ‘there is no magic attaching to a misrepresentation made in writing rather than by word of mouth’. The reason for the difference in oral and contracts in writing is because of the fact that the innocent party would be unaware of who is standing in front of him when entering into the contract orally. The courts have therefore been given authority to determine the intention of the parties based on the documents and without any presumptions to such intentional. An important decision in respect of written contracts is the House of Lords in Cundy v. Lindsay3 whereby a dishonest person by giving wrong address and name of company dealt with an innocent party. The court deciding in favour of the claimants stated the reasoning that the order form had been signed with incorrect name and the claimants were aware of the n ame of the firm and had the intention of dealing with them. However, the courts in King’s Norton Metal Co. v. Edridge Merrett and Co. Ltd.4 held that where letters had been sent by a rogue the claimant purported to deal with the person sending the letter and not the company. The main distinction between the two earlier cited authorities is that in the latter no

Law Enforcement Agencies and the Judicial System Research Paper

Law Enforcement Agencies and the Judicial System - Research Paper Example According to the study findings police departments and courts or judicial officers where discrimination is carried out without remorse or fear of the resultant effects. The law enforcement agencies and judicial systems have strayed from their ideal duty of treating all Americans equally. The discriminatory practices are carried out in the form of racism, employment, social groups, gender and judicial punishment and sentence. As the discussion stresses systematic racism entangles police office where young black officers are on the receiving end. The discriminatory practice in the police force does not take into account the fines and punishment that comes with violating racism codes within a government office. The problem is severe when the police target young black men. For example in Baltimore and Maryland State Police Departments, there are strong biases against young black men who are perceived to be drug peddlers in the streets. The way policing is done is skewed on the basis of race, and it does not matter if it is a black or white cop. The problem is part of US since it was founded and has targeted the minorities in the state. The policing tactics affect the way they handle crime in neighborhoods dominated by black people. Implicit bias comes into play when police officers use personal and racial oriented tactics. Law enforcement agencies perpetuate racial discrimination when conducting patrols. The officers target poor, crime neighborhoods with segregated populations.

The Importance of the 1967 War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Importance of the 1967 War - Essay Example Nasser had ways of knowing what really was going on in the armed forces and knew that they were inferior in quality Nasser was very fanatic towards USA as compared to Reynolds below is the example he quoted after 1967 defeat "If I started considering how strong America is and how strong I am, even before I started my calculations I should come to the conclusion that America has air, land, and sea superiority over us." Nasser did not lose his hope after the defeat from the Israelis in 1967. He was known to how to manipulate the emotions of the people in this regards he spoke to the public in his speech below: "Our enemies have succeeded in winning a military victory, but our country has not fallen, has not accepted defeat, but has decided to stand fast. They have applied economic pressure to us and, despite this pressure, we have not surrendered but have marched on. We have imposed restrictions on ourselves and have accepted these restrictions. Our enemies have failed to destroy us economically. Hence, there remains one thing for them to do-to strike at the domestic front and to break up the alliance of the people's working forces because if the domestic front collapses the hostile , imperialist forces and Israel will achieve the aims they have so far been unable to achieve .... Brothers, there is no alternative to victory for our nation. The nation is capable of achieving victory provided it mobilises its forces and benefits properly from its energy and conditions, and also if we can build up and safeguard our domestic front according to the needs of the battle mestic front is the pillar of the fighting front. We must expose, defeat and crush all enemy attempts to influence the domestic front." Reynolds believes that in june 1967 constituted... "Our enemies have succeeded in winning a military victory, but our country has not fallen, has not accepted defeat, but has decided to stand fast. They have applied economic pressure to us and, despite this pressure, we have not surrendered but have marched on. We have imposed restrictions on ourselves and have accepted these restrictions. Our enemies have failed to destroy us economically. Hence, there remains one thing for them to do-to strike at the domestic front and to break up the alliance of the people's working forces because if the domestic front collapses the hostile , imperialist forces and Israel will achieve the aims they have so far been properly from its energy and conditions, and also if we can build up and safeguard our domestic front according to the needs of the battle mestic front is the pillar of the fighting front. We must expose, defeat and crush all enemy attempts to influence the domestic front." Reynolds believes that in june 1967 constituted a crisis of faith for many "muslims

American foundation for the blind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American foundation for the blind - Essay Example ed in raising the organization’s profile and changed how people perceived the blind and facilitated the expansion of AFB with many achievements like standardizing the English braille code. The mission statement of the American Foundation for the Blind is â€Å"to remove barriers, create solutions, and expand possibilities so people with vision loss can achieve their full potential† (â€Å"American Foundation for the Blind†, n.p, 2013). This clearly states the main aim of AFB. Migel formulated the mission of AFB and he wished to create a forum for blindness professionals, research and respect the blind. There are many people in the society who are affected by vision loss and AFB makes their lives easy by providing necessary services required. The American foundation for the blind offer variety of services some of which include continuing education credit via Academy for Certification of Vision Rehabilitation and Education Professionals (ACVREP), provides eLearning services for professional development. AFB as well advocates for the right of the blind to ensure that they equally participate in societal activities. The current happenings of the organization include, AFB offering eleven scholarships for higher education for blind students, nomination for 2014 Migel medals, and AFB eLearning center offers new Webnar on using the iPad in the classroom among others (â€Å"American Foundation for the Blind†,

Talk Show Internet Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Talk Show Internet Assignment - Research Paper Example TV emerged in the 50s as America’s dominant cultural form, presenting an image of authority that was mainly middle-class, middle-aged, white, and male. TV soon took over American prime time activity. Beginning in the 60s, family breakdown, religious, and education crises, diminishing state authority, and a growing vocal and visible minority with new ideas and groups. All these led to a dramatic change in public perceptions with the most significant being the impact that progressive movements and social crises had on media talks regarding political correctness and multiculturalism (Quail, Kathalene & Loubna 33). TV talk shows have always been around since the TV was commercialized. They are a crossover from the radio talk shows that had dominated America in the 40s (Grindstaff 22). Therefore, the beginning of the talk show can be considered to have been in 1948, even though most people did not have TV at the time. From the early 50s to the early 70s, almost half of all programm ing on NBC, CBS, and ABC had to do with talk shows. The talk show hosts, rather than kill the talk show hosts that reigned on radio, actually made them bigger stars. For instance, Jack Paar, Dave Garroway, and Arthur Godfrey were all vital in coming up with the talk show format that has been so popular over the decades (Grindstaff 22). One of the reasons why there are so many talk shows is because talk is actually cheap. Talk shows are probably the cheapest TV shows to create (Grindstaff 24). For example, where they can cost as low as $100,000 to produce per each episode, majority of current dramas on TV cost approximately $1 million for each episode. Therefore, if a talk show is successful, it can give the TV Company more profits than most dramas. However, it is still work-intensive. Since their beginning in 1948, very few of them are able to keep the audience’s attention for a long time (Grindstaff 24). Several forms of talk shows that range from outlandish shows like The G raham Norton Effect to Late Show with David Letterman exist. However, all talk shows have similar formats because the format for a talk show is very limited (Grindstaff 31). Most Americans are used to the informal host-guest format where the hosts of the talk shows welcome talk-worthy individuals and celebrities in informal discussions. These are further spiced up using musical and comedic segments. Another common format has to do with public affair show, where the hosts of the show interview individuals who are experts in particular fields, or they are in the news for one reason or another. Specific shows that adhere to this latter format are shows like; Meet the Press and Good Morning America. Issue-based talk shows include The Jerry Springer Show and The Oprah Winfrey Show. Other talk shows are mainly a hybrid of the two formats (Grindstaff 32). The basic goal on TV of talk shows has to do with attraction of curious viewers while also selling services and products, rather than se lling revolutions (Kunkel 11). This results in the need for funny and bizarre participants and topics, as well as the circus-like atmosphere. In addition, the influence by cultural and social movements like feminism, as well as the results, made it contradictory and interesting. Oprah Winfrey, Donahue, and others have been able to reproduce the experience of

Employee Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 5

Employee Relations - Essay Example industrial relations take place within a particular organization is determined by the frame of reference through which its top managers recognize the formal relationship with individuals and/or their representatives. The unitary frame of reference is widespread among managers. According to this unitary perspective, all individuals in the organization are working towards one goal, where there is one sense of power and where conflict is abhorred. Managers frequently view themselves and other managers in the organization as part of a ‘managerial team’, and they expect their employees to pledge to the same point of view. Managers who take this approach consider themselves as the only rightful source of power and authority which they value and protect. They view their role as one of controlling the activities of the workforce and presume that all employees share the common goals of the organization, are faithful to the `management team’ and entirely dedicated to the objective of the organization. On the other hand, a different way of looking at organizations is to view them as pluralities of interest groups, each with differing and occasionally opposing interests, which might come together in alliances, although these alliances shift and modify according to the situations. Whatever the long-term interrelatedness of interest groups, in their daily struggle for resources and in their work-related activities, they emphasize on sectional interests. Here, managers might tolerate and keenly promote freedom of expression and the development of groups, which create their own norms and choose their own informal leaders. In this way, authority and control takes place in a number of areas of the organization and loyalty is commanded by the leaders of the groups, which are frequently in competition with each other for resources. The managers accomplish results by combining the groups, promoting participation, motivating employees and managing their work efforts (Gennard &

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

International Marketing - Essay Example There are varieties of options before a company when they decide to enter an overseas market. Three major issues require careful planning before venturing into another region, which include the right marketing mix, sourcing or the product and investment decisions (Qdi). Marketing mix itself involves decisions on whether to sell in the other country directly or through intermediaries and which market segment should be tapped first. Marketing mix for services is more difficult to ascertain than for products. Investment decisions and control are equally important - whether it should be a joint venture with a local partner, whether they should acquire an existing company in that country or have a global partner. Based on these factors, this report will discuss the marketing strategies of two different Companies in the service sector - DHL's entry in the China market and Vodafone of UK's entry in the US market.

U.S. Imperialism In 20th Essay Example for Free

U.S. Imperialism In 20th Essay The United States’ first attempt at imperial expansion can be traced back to 1898. Feeling the effects of economic recession and depression up to 1897, many felt the future security of the U. S. capitalist system rested heavily on expansion, not only on the North American continent but even into the Caribbean, Hawaii and Asia. Given the United States’ agenda to expand its territorial boundaries their involvement in Cuba, beginning at the Spanish-Cuban-American war, comes as no surprise. The implications of the United States’ involvement in Cuba, however, have been quite considerable. The argument that the U. S. imperialism was the primary cause of the Cuban Revolution of 1959, therefore, bares some amount of weight. The United States’ presence in Cuba, the de facto power they wielded over that country’s economy and politics, was one of the major forces that drove the Cuban people to rebellion and fuelled the 1959 revolution led by Fidel Castro. Before any further discussions it must be pointed out that, long before the United States began its territorial, economic and political expansion outside its continental borders, the Cuban people were opposing colonialism in all its forms. While it would be useful to determine just how influential the U. S. was on Cuba’s political and economic landscape and to understand what historical events contributed to this state of affair, it must necessarily be understood that imperialism was nothing new to the Cuban society. Beginning in 1894 nationalist sentiments arose in Cuba not only among the elites and colonists, but even among the working class. All desired to see a liberated Cuba, free from the colonial control Spain had long wielded over the island. According to Spalding this struggle â€Å"represented a class war as well as an anti-colonial and anti-imperialist one. † The struggle between the European colonial power and its colony was heated but up to 1898 seemed no where near resolution. Popular sentiments among the United States populace were that U. S. intervention in the struggle between Spain and Cuba was necessary. Simons argues that the United States’ perspective was that â€Å"the Spanish presence in the Western hemisphere was an impediment to economic expansion of the US. † It is with this that the United States entered the struggle. The Cuban people of course may have assumed that U. S. intervention in the war had no strings attached. But the U. S. government saw such intervention as a way of advancing its â€Å"Manifest Destiny. † As Cordero highlights â€Å"†¦ the principle of Manifest Destiny and the pursuit of economic expansion made Cuba a target of opportunity. † Lazo believes that U. S. involvement in other nations’ affairs is inevitable because of â€Å"the great power which it wields by virtue of its prestige, wealth, and strength† . At the time of the Spanish-Cuban war, the U. S. was just rising to super-powerdom and thus successfully defending Cuba against its imperial aggressor was an unavoidable move by the U. S. government. The economic and political power that the United States wielded over the Cuban economy subsequent to the Spanish-Cuban-American war of 1898 is probably the most significant factor that contributed not only to the 1959 revolution, but to the other failed revolutionary attempts prior to 1959. After successfully winning the war for the Cubans, the United States, on paper, promised political freedom to the Cubans. This, however, was not practiced in principle and did not prevent the United States attempting economic expansion on the island. In fact, one of the United States’ first order of business in Cuba was to open up the Cuban economy to U. S. investors. Additionally, even though the U. S. turned over political rule to the locals, they maintained a strong influential hold over the leadership of the country. As a matter of fact, the U. S. ’ political influence was so strong that after their approved candidate lost elections the Platt Amendment was imposed as a condition for independence. Therefore, though the U. S. government was not successful in maintaining direct control of the local government, they were able to control the island’s foreign relations via this new plan. The Platt Amendment gave the U. S. the final say in foreign related issues. This meant that the country could not independently enter into foreign treaties or borrow on the international capital market. Above every other provision of the Platt Amendment was the unilateral right the U. S. took to intervene militarily in Cuba whenever it saw fit. Essentially all these provisions meant that, even though the United States did not exercise direct control of the island in the political arena, in terms of foreign affairs, militarily and economically the U. S. had a tremendous amount of control over the island. Ibarra, in the first chapter entitled â€Å"Finance Capital and Economic Structures of the Republic,† demonstrates how critical U. S. investments became to the Cuban economy. With the boom in the sugar industry in the 1920s a number of U. S. investors were attracted to the Cuban agricultural economy specifically as it relates to sugar production and export. During the period of greatest economic prosperity for the sugar industry a number of U. S. investors offered reasonable prices to Cuban plantation owners. Unwilling to resist these attractive rates, many planters quickly transferred their property to U. S. investors. Overtime U. S. investors controlled a significant portion of the country’s economy. Ibarra mentions the increasing importance of â€Å"U. S. investments in all sectors of the Cuban economy, agricultural exports, transportation, banking, utilities, and industry. † This economic control severely hindered the island’s economic development as, not only were local planters unable to compete with the U. S. investors, but the Cubans at the lower class found themselves to be benefiting very little from the growing sugar industry. When the price of sugar began to fall in the early 1930s because of international shifts in the demand and price of sugar, the country suffered even further. It is therefore not surprising that, with the growing economic downturn in the country, the population became increasingly disgruntled with the status quo. In their struggles for independence against Spain they had cried for a free Cuba ? Cuba Libre! What they got instead was a substitution. They were traded one imperialist power for a next. In the same way that Spain had exploited the country’s prospering sugar industry and reaped the profits without it filtering down to the masses that needed it the most, so the economic presence of the Americans in Cuba did nothing to improve the situation. The American policy of opening up the country’s economy to U. S. investors, and the later disgruntlement with the diminishing returns that were being filtered into the island from these investments contributed significantly to increasing calls for not only political but also economic and military independence.

Environmental Justice and Sustainability Essay Example for Free

Environmental Justice and Sustainability Essay Alex Steffen and Sarah Rich, executive editors of the bright green environmentalist online magazine WorldChanging recently observed that while environmental movements have focused primarily on confronting the ecological injustices that have become a historical trademark of industrialization, it has made little of a name for itself in addressing the social injustice that is also a part of environmental degradation. (Steffen Rich, 2007) Steffen and Rich remark, â€Å"the environmental movement has grown and become known (at least early on) more for its vehement advocacy for whales and rainforests than for disenfranchised citizens† noting that the latter is generally regarded as a concern of other movements related to social justice and civil rights. However, they note that it has become increasingly apparent that social injustice and environmental degradation are inextricably related to one another. (Steffen Rich, 2007) While many cities have begun to embrace the concept of sustainability into their policies, few have taken environmental justice into account. Van Jones neatly summarized the issue of environmental justice when he declared at last year’s Green Festival in Chicago, Who are we going to take with us, and who are we going to leave behind? Jones concern was that the environmental movement is divided between the rich and the poor. (Anderson, 2007) As such, any definition of sustainability must take the social dimensions of environmental damage into account, for the degradation of the environment is in fact, a civil injustice. Sustainability must embrace environmental justice by letting â€Å"environment† stand not just for concerns over resources, pollution and biodiversity but concerns over equitable distribution of resources, human health and racial equality. (Steffen Rich, 2007) The city of San Francisco has embraced the United Nations definition of sustainability and has conclusively inferred that sustainability means social equity as much as it does environmental responsibility. However, it is also rather vague about what social equitability means. (Magilavy, 2008) Sustainability policies should declare that improvements and protection of environmental welfare should be applied without discrimination. They should declare that resources are distributed equally and access to justice over environmental matters should be available to all, and that participation and decision making should be not limited to an exclusive demographic class or ethnicity. Likewise, environmental injustices such as the systemically inequitable distribution of wealth, the discriminatory improvement of environment, or the denial of access to information and participation in decision making in environmental-related policies should be covered by sustainability policies. As such, if the heart of sustainability’s definition is concern for the ecosystem and life within it, then it also includes the human beings who are part of it as well. The goal of sustainability should then be the achievement of the longevity of human and planet welfare, rather than just environmental protectionism by another name. The Global Footprint Network defines ‘ecological debt’ as the sum of all deficits in the biocapacity of the planet, and asserts that humanity’s demands on the planet is continuously exceeding that biocapacity. As such, the Network contends that we are in a state of overshoot, placing greater demands on nature than can it regenerate. (Global Footprint Network, 2008) This concept is crucial to the conception of environmental justice. Sustainability metrician Mathis Wackernagel (co-founder of The Global Footprint Network) has theorized that an equitable distribution of planetary capital would mean that our ‘fair share’ would have to be limited in addition to being sustainable. As such, Alex Steffen argues that the essence of sustainability is using the planet’s resource capital to create investments such that the same capital exists for future generations, anything else is unjust. (Steffen, 2006) Ecological democracy is an important means of achieving sustainability and environmental justice. To ensure that the environmental welfare of all individuals, regardless of race, class or gender is accounted for and that it is not done at the expense of planetary capital and the environmental welfare of future generations, decisions must be made that are free from the influence of the economic elite, racial factions, political forces and other special interests. In other words, the decisions to be made about the future of the environment must be done democratically to ensure that all have a say in the control of their local environment. Sustainability begins with environmental justice, which in turn is possible only with ecological democracy. The only alternative to such a form of environmentalism is a continuing perpetuation of inegalitarian systems, where we save the planet not for future generations, not for our fellow men, but for ourselves. REFERENCES Anderson, D. (2007, April 22) Dispatch from Greenfest Chicago: Van Jones on Green Collar Jobs and Our Shared Future, Part 1. Retrieved April 1, 2008 from http://davidanderson. greenoptions. com/2007/04/22/dispatch-from-greenfest-chicago-van-jones-on-green-collar-jobs-and-our-shared-future-part-i/ Global Footprint Network. Glossary. Retrieved April 1, 2008 from http://www. footprintnetwork. org/gfn_sub. php? content=glossary Magilavy, B. (2008) Sustainability Plan. Retrieved April 1, 2008 from http://sustainable-city. org/Plan/Intro/intro. htm Steffen, A. Rich, S. (2007, May 28) Principle 17: Environmental Justice. Worldchanging. Retrieved April 1, 2008 from http://www. worldchanging. com/archives/006778. html Steffen, A. (Ed. ) (2006) Worldchanging: A User’s Guide for the 21st Century. New York: Abrams, Inc.

Leaderships Social And Ethical Issues Leadership Essay

Leaderships Social And Ethical Issues Leadership Essay Nothing of the above is true since leadership is not about magical abilities. Leadership is basically the relationship between people who belong to the higher-rank and those who belong to the lower one. The relationship which shows that we understand one another and that we co-operate. Being the leader is more about offering your services to others rather than ordering others. Overall, one person cannot have all the abilities necessary to the society to satisfy thoroughly the significant role of a leader. However, obtaining a leading position does not automatically make you a leader. A leader can be found at all levels of society because leadership is both an individual and collective condition which develops throughout ones life and not just at one stage. Proceeding, I will present the definition which Robert Terry has given for the notion of leadership, who was for years the principle of the Reflective Leadership Center and a professor at the Hioubert H. Hamfrey Institute of Public Relations of the University of Minnesota. According to Terry, leadership is a notion which everyone knows well however, it cannot be easily described because for each one of us it has a different meaning. Leadership is not only about abilities a person has neither specific features that describe a case. Leadership is the courage to take action in society with authentic and genuine goals. When he refers to genuine energy and action he means everything a person can do to discover the truth about a situation which unfolds itself as a public case influencing everyone. However, the most important aspect for a real leader is to have a vision, followers, hence, people who follow and support him, share and maintain his vision as the years go by. A leader is someone who constantly has new ideas and innovations to achieve his dreams for the advantage of the group he is working for, without being discouraged whenever he is unable to materialize them. The most important aspect that characterizes a leader is being authentic and constantly trying to learn more things in order to achieve what is good for the company or organization he is working for. In the current essay I have decided to elaborate on the social and ethical issues in leadership. Therefore, it is worth-mentioning that to become a leader someone must have ethics which are necessary for him, such as morality and willingness to offer to the society. It is of high importance for a leader to be moral and act in an ethical way as he sets the example to others, his followers and supporters. The leading position cannot be held by a person that is immoral and whose actions and desires are opposite to the principles of ethics otherwise, many problems will occur in the company he leads. For example, if he speaks in a rude way to the employees, does not respect their desires and selfishly demands his orders to be fulfilled without being able to solve any disagreements that may occur with a dialogue then, tension takes over and failure follows. On the other hand, a moral leader must have the feeling of equality and justice developed and be familiar with the principles of business-ethics in order to bring about win-win situations and win-lose situations. Also, he must solve any disagreements occurring with dialectic-methods. The principles of the dialogue have to do with the Socratic-methods, the maieutic and dialectic method. Consequently, a leader must see things from the point of view of a philosopher and combine many advantages together. Some people might be born to be leaders however, they must constantly cultivate their leading abilities in various ways for his professional progress. Leading abilities come from the inner world of a person combining a philosophic approach with qualifications acquired. One of the qualifications a leader must have is the ability to constantly offer to his society in order to develop and improve it towards the best possible result. The term social leadership or social leader denotes the part of the society or the social class , the class of leaders as Plato calls it, which is responsible to organize effectively the productivity of the society and lead his/her society to a better situation for everyone. Briefly, he/she is responsible to bring prosperity and development to the whole. In the case where a social leader is unable or refuses to fulfill his promises and lead the society to evolution, crisis of social leadership is created. Consequently, a proper leader must be moral and try to offer as much as possible to his society. Continuing, I will describe something that happened to me that managed to convince me for the significance of the two principles a leader must have (social principles and morality). It was the summer of 2009 and I had just finished my studies in Greek Language at the University of Athens and returned to Cyprus. Therefore, I began searching for a job permanent or temporary one. Having in mind that it would be difficult for me to find a job relevant to the studies I had completed, I applied to various companies and some private schools who advertised their need for teachers. Therefore, I did not hesitate to go for a job interview at GC School of Careers, one of the biggest private schools in Cyprus, after being informed by the secretary of the Principle of the school, Mr Aimilios Hadjipetris. Mr. Hadjipetris secretary told me that I would have to speak with him after the procedure of the interview as he would be the one to judge if I was suitable for the position. When the day of the interview arrived I went to Mr. Hadjipetris office and introduced myself. He began asking me some questions in order to see my personality and my abilities for the position available. After the professional procedure of the interview, I noticed a frame with a photo on the wall of Mr. Hadjipetris office and found the courage to ask him who that man was. He proudly replied that it was his father Mr. Stelio Hadjipetri and as a consequence, our discussion went to a more friendly level rather than a serious professional one. Mr. Aimilios spoke to me about his father with all the respect and admiration he had in his heart. That lead me to the conclusion that we could easily include Mr. Stelio in the Cypriot leaders as he had all the characteristics a leader should have (vision, followers, goals, morals). Additionally, he was one of the pioneers of the foundation and development of private education in Cyprus and fought for the improvement and discipline in Cyprus educational system. As he went on talking about the achievements of his father, I was paying attention to Mr. Aimilios words with great interest and admire wanting to learn more about Mr. Stelios Hadjipetris whom without meeting I greatly admired and began to consider him one of the most important leaders of Cyprus in the field of private education. His admirable character and personality, justice, decisiveness and self-discipline were some of the morals that characterized and facilitated him to create and offer to his descendants one of the most well-organised schools in Cyprus, well-known for its success in every educational domain. It is worth to mention that an institution has been founded dedicated to the name of this man who envisioned and materialized quality and discipline as we conceive it nowadays, in the islands private educational system. Stelios Hadjipetris was born in 1936, in Agros, in a very poor family with many children. After elementary school he went to Apeiteio Gymnasium and because of his familys financial difficulties he had to work hard both in Limassol and Nicosia, during his summer holidays. His desire to proceed his education at a University level made him work even harder so, in 1955 when he finished High School he was employed at the Water Supplying Council in Nicosia. Due to his qualifications he was then hired by the Government until the British troops discovered that he was a terrorist and therefore fired him. At the same time, he had passed the Accounting Higher Exams through correspondence he got his degree in Accounting from the Kleismakis Accounting School of Athens. With his degree he worked at a private college in Nicosia and later at Apeiteio Gymnasium. During the difficult years of 1955-59 he was an excellent fighter for E.O.K.A. and his island. After he got married he went to Athens with his wife to study from where he got the degree of Merchant and Financial studies as well as Journalism. During his return to Cyprus he worked for the Apeiteio Gymnasium and later on the College of Nicosia. The most important point of his career in education and for the Cyprus society was the creation of GC School of Careers along with Mr. Pantelis Andreou. He was the first Cypriot who founded a private English school in Cyprus without ending his studies abroad via correspondence. In 1976, he obtained the degree of International Accountants. In 1978, he decided to dedicate himself to fulfill his dream: to create a school that would offer knowledge to its students and good people with morals to the society. He went on working as a teacher and principle at GC School until his sad death in October 2001. To his village which he worshipped, he offered many services either as a president or a member of its committees or organizations. In the memory of the schools first principle an institution called Stelios Hadjipetis has been founded which is responsible of organizing seminars for students, teachers and parents having to do with educational politics, technology and learning problems. Also, its goal is to continue Mr. Stelios work towards progress and cultivation of education and the Greek culture of Cyprus. Moreover, it seeks to maintain the importance of books, education, freedom, democracy and peace amongst young people. Also, it offers prizes and all kinds of scholarships to students. Proceeding, I will present the reasons Stelios Hadjipetris is considered to be a leader: He had a vision: to set the basis for private education in Cyprus as he was the first Cypriot to create a private English school in Cyprus. He had followers: After founding GC School of Careers, a lot of people imitated Stelios Hadjipetris by creating similar private English Schools, for ex: Pascal, English school, Grammar school e.t.c. He never ceased to educate himself throughout his life trying to enhance his spiritual horizons. He constantly tried to develop his school. He always had a progressive point of view. He was a pioneer in what he did. He had strong personality as he was clever, authentic, progressive and confident. It is important to note that Hadjipetris is an example of a moral leader with admirable social offer and a personality characterized by justice and equality. As his son told me, he was a lawful citizen with respect towards the rights of his followers. At his work he was a perfectionist with high expectations and fought for the best results. As a person he had set ethical values which he always respected. A leader must always share his values with his followers, as Ambert Svaitser said: Morals maintain life at the top point of progress. Concerning, Mr. Hadjipetris offer to the society, we have to highlight its importance since the foundation of his school is recognized as a social and educational offer in both private and public domains as one of todays best English schools. Conclusion: Mr. Hadjipetris is a proper leader because of his personality, his moral actions and his social offer in the educational domain. This was the end of our discussion with Mr. Aimilios with which we began a professional interview and ended up talking in a friendly way about his respectful father. Therefore, I was no longer concerned whether I would be offered the position as I had already gained a lot from my discussion with Mr. Aimilios. Through this talk I learned a lot about improving my career and evolving as an individual, I gained useful advises which will be unforgettable for the rest of my life. We should have in mind that you are born a leader however, one can cultivate his leading abilities for his professional evolution as leadership comes from the internal world of a person. Leadership therefore, is a philosophical approach as well as a variety of abilities that can be acquired.

Does attachment theory provide a sound basis for advice on how to brin

Does the attachment theory provide a sound basis for advice on how to bring up children? To answer this question for advice to parents I will explore some of the details of the attachment theory showing, 1) earlier studies and more up to date criticisms, 2) how it proposes family members and day care can affect a child’s upbringing. Attachment is the bond that develops between caregiver and infant when it is about eight or nine months old, providing the child with emotional security. Meshing commences from when the child is being fed, onto taking part in pseudo-dialogue and then following on to the child taking part in a more active role of proto dialogue, illustrated by Kaye (1982), other concepts such as scaffolding and inter-subjectivity have also been explored by psychologists. As the infant grows older the attention escalates towards the direction of the caregiver. John Bowlby(1958, 1969, 1973, 1980) pioneer of the attachment theory was involved in research regarding the emotional connection between the adult and infant and he believed that the early relationships determined the behaviour and emotional development of a child. In an early Bowlby (1944) study he discovered children who had an unsettling upbringing where more likely to become juvenile delinquents. His work is constantly open to criticism and has been revisited with further research. Subsequent research has based measuring security and insecurity in a child from an early age using the Strange Situation Test. Other research has shown certain trends of difficult behaviour and how the child interacts with the caregiver actively. Bowlby’s theory was based on ideas from ethology and previous work, psychodynamic theory by Sigmund Freud, it was appropriate for the 1950’s after the 2nd World War when women were returning to household duties and motherhood as men returned to their employment after the war. He believed that a child should have interaction with one caregiver ‘monotropism’ and that separation from this person would trigger the ‘proximity promoting behaviours’ in the attachment structure. The caregiver arriving would cause the behaviours of, clinging, making noises and crying to discontinue. The protected foundations of the affectionate bonds occurring between parent and infant representation becomes part of the internal working model. Those become the foundations and the heart of a... ...how parents create persons, Brighton, Harvester Press. MAIN, M. and SOLOMON, J. (1990) ‘ Procedures for identifying infants as disorganised/ disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation’ in GRENNBERG, M. T. CICCCHETTI, D. and CUMMINGS, E. M. (eds) Attachment in the Preschool Years, Chicago Ill., University of Chicago Press. VAN IJJZENDOORN, M. H. and KROONENBERG, P. M. (1988) ‘Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: a meta-analysis of the Strange Situation’, Child Development, 59, pp. 147-56 RICHMAN, N., STEVENSON, J. and Graham, P. J. (1982) Pre-School to School: a behavioural study, London, Academic Press. ROBERTSON, J. and ROBERTSON, J. (1952), A Two-Year-Old Goes To Hospital, ‘Attachment’, T. V. program, The Open University (2000), ED209 Child Development, Milton Keynes, The Open University SAMEROFF, A. J. (1991) ‘ The social context of development ‘ in WOODHEAD, M., CARR, R. and LIGHT, P. (eds) Becoming a Person, London, Routledge. STEWART, R. B. (1983) ‘ Siblings attachment relationships: child-infant interactions in the strange situation’, Development Psychology, 19, pp. 192-99.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Dr. Abdus Salam :: biographies biography bio

Dr. Salam was born in the small village of Jhang, present day Pakistan in 1926 where he attended the first few years of school. His father was an official in the Department of Education for the poor farming district. A fast learner Dr. Salam attended the University of the Punjab at the age of 13 and at the age of 14 he received the highest numbers ever recorder for the Matriculation Examination at the university. Due to his outstanding grades he received a full scholarship to the Government College, University of Punjab. In 1946 he obtained his MA in physics and then that very same year he was awarded with a scholarship to St. John's College, Cambridge where he got a double BA with honors in mathematics and physics in 1949 and then a Ph. D in Theoretical Physics from Cambridge in 1952. At this point in his he had already received the Smith's Prize by the University of Cambridge for the most outstanding pre-doctoral contribution to physics (1950). Then in 1951 Dr. Salam returned to his roots to teach mathematics at the Government College, Lahore, Pakistan. Since Dr. Salam was a man who was very devoted to his religion and because he belonged to the Ahmadiyya Muslim sect, considered heretical by many Muslims, he decided to leave his beloved Pakistan when the stigma of being a part of the Ahmadiyya sect became too much and the realization that he would not be able to continue his research in physics in such conditions. So in 1954 Dr. Salam left Pakistan for a lectureship at Cambridge. After many years of contributions to the world of physics at many different schools and institutions, including, Cambridge, London University, Imperial College of London, Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton, and many others, in 1979 Dr. Salam received a Nobel Prize in physics for the work he had done in the electroweak theory, "which is the mathematical and conceptual synthesis of the electromagnetic and weak interactions-the latest stage reached until now on the path towards the unification of the fundamental forces of nature. Salam, Sheldon Glashow, and Steven Weinberg arrived at the theory independently and shared the prize." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdus_Salam). At this point he finally felt he had gotten the love of his beloved Pakistan and served on many Pakistani comities. Quantum Electrodynamics or QED is the quantum field theory which describes the properties of the electromagnetic forces. All forces or interactions of nature are thought to be comprised of 4 basic forces, Gravity, Electromagnetism, Strong nuclear force, and the Weak nuclear force.

The Role of the Princess in Jean Cocteau’s Film Orpheus Essay examples

The Role of the Princess in Jean Cocteau’s Film Orpheus â€Å"As he lay in his bed, Orpheus’ Death would watch him sleep.† This is one of the most notable reoccurring behaviors of the princess of death in Jean Cocteau’s Orpheus. As made apparent, one of the many differences between Cocteau’s version of Orpheus and the Greek version is that death is personified through a female princess, rather than that of a male god. How does Cocteau embody death through the princess, is she all powerful, does she escape mortal tendencies, and finally, what does all this suggest about death? Throughout history death has been a fascination to many authors, often personified as cruel, rigid, and ugly. In Cocteau’s Orpheus, however, death (or perhaps merely a face of death), is personified through a beautiful and strong, young woman. While this faà §ade fools Cocteau’s characters, he uses many clues to indicate the princess’s role such as appearance, dialogue, and actions. In the first scene we are introduced to the princess when she appears at the social cafe with Cegeste, a distinguished and unruly young poet. While her role at this point remains unclear, her powerful stature is clear. She steps out of her car with grace yet confidence, making eye contact with no one, yet holding her head high. Immediately she is noticed by Orpheus, by both her beauty and authority. Her clothing is dark; black long skirt and black jacket, and her hair is worn sleeked back in a pony tail. All this indicates authority, but the color choice further indicates a cool, dark presence. Throughout the film, as the princess’s mood changes, her wardrobe also changes, from business like to more romantic and seductive. Despite these changes, one thing remains constant, the co... ...ponding to her abuse of power. While she did possess powers, she did not possess the authority of when to exercise those powers. In Jean Cocteau’s Orpheus, he has personified death through a beautiful princess. Throughout the film, many common beliefs of death were challenged, from those more trivial such as how death may appear, to whether it be an all-powerful occurrence, or managed under some higher power. By using the princess as death’s personification, he weakened the idea of death; suggesting that while it is beyond the hands of mere mortals a higher power is in control. As the princess took life through personal motive, perhaps there, too, is motive behind whatever power controls death. I believe Cocteau is suggesting that we live in a world where death comes to not only those deserving, but to bystanders who happen to be in the way of a personal goal.

Greendale Stadium Case

BONTE Geoffrey KERTESZ Samuel BONTE Geoffrey KERTESZ Samuel Professors  : Elisabeth KJELLSTROM Nikos MACHERIDIS Professors  : Elisabeth KJELLSTROM Nikos MACHERIDIS ASSIGNMENT 1: Essay on a case Greendale Stadium Case ASSIGNMENT 1: Essay on a case Greendale Stadium Case FEKH13 – Project Management A Business Perspective FEKH13 – Project Management A Business Perspective November 19 2012 November 19 2012 Questions 4th Edition of the book. 1. Will the project be able to be completed by the May 20 deadline? How long will it take? Yes, the project will be finished by March 27th 2009. That means 54 calendar days ahead of schedule.It takes 695 days to be completed. 2. What is the critical path for the project? There are two critical paths that share the same beginning and end. They differ from only two separate activities: * Clear Stadium Site => Drive Support Piles => Pour Lower Concrete Bowl => Pour Main Concourse => Install Seats => Construct Steel Canopy => Light Insta llation => Inspection. * Clear Stadium Site => Drive Support Piles => Pour Lower Concrete Bowl => Construct Upper Steel Bowl => Install Seats => Construct Steel Canopy => Light Installation => Inspection.If the total project time has to be reduced, the length of the critical path has to be shortened. The length of critical path is equal to the sum of durations of critical tasks. Here, it is equal to 695 days. Any delay of a critical task will delay the entire project. The essential technique for using CPM is to construct a model of the project that includes the following: * A list of all activities required to complete the project (typically categorized within a work breakdown structure), * The time (duration) that each activity will take to completion, * The dependencies between the activities. 3.Based on the schedule would you recommend that G&E pursue this contract? Why? Include a one page Gantt chart for the stadium schedule. Yes as the estimated completion date is March 27th 20 09. It is 54 calendar days ahead the deadline, 38 working days. It means that they have a buffer of 38 working days. Moreover, even if there are two critical paths, as mentioned they differed from only two separate activities. Finally, if too much delay occurs, weekend or over-time can be used to catch up. Defining the Project Project overview Project name: Greendale Baseball Stadium. Location: Greendale, Milwaukee, US (hypothesis).Type: Design and build. Owner: G&E Company. Scope: Build 47,000 seats baseball stadium. Time frame: 01/07/2006 – 20/05/2009. Potential profit: $2,000,000. Penalty clause: $100,000 per day of delay. Step 1: Defining the Project scope A. Project objective To construct a 47,000 seats baseball stadium within 2 years, 10 months and 20 calendar days (i. e. : in time for the start of the 2009 season). The potential profit is $2,000,000. B. Deliverables 47,000 seats roofed baseball stadium including: playing field, luxury boxes, jumbotron (large-screen tel evision) bathrooms, lockers, restaurants etc. C. Milestones . Permits approved (if not already) – Before July 1st 2006. 2. Site ready for the construction – March 5th 2007. 3. Foundation poured, field, concourse and upper bowl completed – March 12th 2008. 4. Infrastructure and equipment installed, construction of the roof on a separate site done – October 20th 2008. 5. Installation of the roof and lights – February 27th 2009. 6. Inspection – March 27th 2009. D. Technical requirements (Hypothesis, based on FIFA technical sheets) 1. Pre-construction decisions: a. Playing field orientation, to take advantage of the day light. b. Environment compatibility of stadium use. . Community relations. d. Multi-purpose stadiums. 2. Safety: e. Structural safety. f. Fire prevention. g. Safe exits. h. Television surveillance system. 3. Playing area: i. Dimensions. j. Field type and quality (natural, artificial grass). k. Advertising boards around playing ar ea. l. Access to playing area. m. Exclusion of spectators from playing area. 4. Players and match officials: n. Access to dressing rooms. o. Dressing rooms, toilets. p. Access from team areas to playing field. q. First aid and treatment room. 5. Spectators: r. Standards of comfort for the seats. s. Communication with the public. t.Access for disabled persons. u. Merchandise concession stands. v. Ticketing control. w. Bathrooms. 6. Hospitality: x. Luxury boxes. y. Restaurants. 7. Media: z. Press box. {. Stadium media centre. |. Television infrastructure. 8. Lightning and power supply: }. Power supply. ~. Facility requirements. . Lightning design specifications and technology. . Environmental impact. 9. Structure . Retractable roof specifications. E. Limits and exclusions 1. Few specifications are given (poor content of appendix). 2. G&E build but will not manage. 3. Restaurants and cafeterias’ furniture are not included in the contract. . Contractor responsible for subcontrac ted work 5. Site work limited to Monday through Friday, 8:00 am to 6:00 pm. The following holidays are observed: January 1st, Memorial Day, July 4th, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, December 25 and 26. F. Customer review Unknown, but it could be the city sportive commission. Step 2: Establishing the Project Priorities â€Å"Quality and the ultimate success of a project are traditionally defined as meeting and/or exceeding the expectations of the customer and/or upper management in terms of cost (budget), time (schedule), and performance (scope) of the project. A good trade-off has to be made among time, cost and performance. The objective of the project is a Baseball Stadium that we assumed has to last for at least 50 years. Thus project priorities are especially performance but also time as the stadium has to be finished before season start of 2009. Cost has to be taken into account, but doesn’t not represent the main focus within this project. Because of that, this project re present a risk for G&E as cost flexibility is really limited. | Time| Performance| Cost| Constraint| | | | Enhance| | | |Accept| | | | Figure 1: Project Priority Matrix Time: The schedule of the project has to be respected otherwise a penalty clause of $100,000 per day will be applied, which represents 5% of the estimated profits of the project. But it can be reduce. This is why it is a enhance priority. Performance: Performance of the project is fixed, they can’t be compromised and has to be respected. Cost: Going over budget is acceptable though not desirable, especially considering the small estimated profit in comparison of the size of the project.Step 3: Creating the Work Breakdown Structure The WBS is a map of the project, â€Å"it is an outline of the project with different levels of detail. † We divided it into 3 main points: 1. Initial planning and discussions with management team This category regroups the upper management decisions. It analyses the whole pro ject and selects a project manager as well as a team. 2. Project management activities This category regroups the middle management issues such as cost management, human resources managements, risk management†¦ 3. Building stadiumThis category specified in order the tasks needed for the construction of the stadium. They are the same as the ones used in the Gantt chart. REFERENCES Baker, S. (2004). Critical Path Method (CPM), University of South Carolina, Health Services Policy and Management Courses. FIFA. (2007). Football Stadiums: Technical recommendations and requirements (4th edition), [pdf]. From http://www. fifa. com/mm/document/tournament/competition/football_stadiums _technical_recommendations_and_requirements_en_8211. pdf Gray, C. , Larson, R. (2008).Project Management: the managerial process (Fourth Edition). Singapore: Mc Graw Hill, International Edition. ——————————————à ¢â‚¬â€œ [ 1 ]. Baker, S. (2004). Critical Path Method (CPM), University of South Carolina, Health Services Policy and Management Courses. [ 2 ]. FIFA. (2007). Football Stadiums: Technical recommendations and requirements (4th edition). [ 3 ]. Gray, C. , Larson, R. (2008). Project Management: the managerial process, p. 95. [ 4 ]. Gray, C. , Larson, R. (2008). Project Management: the managerial process, p. 97.

Stone Cold Essay

A character study of Shelter from Stone cold. Show how our view of the character changes throughout the novel. Shelter is one of the two first-person narrators in Robert Swindell’s Stone cold. In the novel Swindell’s follows the runaway teenager, Link, from his home in Bradford to the mean streets of London where his path crosses that of Shelter, an ex-soldier who creates his own army while also cleaning up the streets of the homeless people he despises. In this essay I will show how the character is portrayed and how our view of him changes throughout the novel.In daily routine orders 3 Swindell’s choice of language makes Shelter sound very negative and hateful in the way he talks about homeless people. Swindells also uses army terms such as ‘Tour of inspection’ and it tells us that Shelter must be an ex-soldier and must still believe he is one. This gives us the impression that there’s something not quite just right about Shelter. In daily r outine orders 4 Shelter goes on to explain how the secret of victory in any campaign is planning and preparation. He describes his planning as being â€Å"Meticulous and my preparations are now complete†.One of the things he has acquired has helped him to complete and that is a cat. He talks of the cat as his distraction to who he really is. â€Å"A man who keeps a cat can’t possible mean any harm, can he? † He also named the cat Sappho which will project an image of a kind man who cares. There’s not yet any indication of violent intentions but there is a suspicion of something untoward. Daily routine orders 5 & 6 enters into Shelter’s concept pf his ‘mission’ and we learn about his abnormal thought and views on murder.He believes that killing the homeless people on the streets is his job, his duty to his country. He creates a pleasant and warm atmosphere among the victims to make them feel safe and willing to do whatever he says for s helter and food and drink. â€Å"He fell for it, hook, line and sinker†. Shelter tricked someone therefore planning it and not feeling regret for it. He uses the words ‘do-gooder’ which simply means someone who does good things. He uses these words throughout the novel to mock people who actually are ‘do-gooders’. Further on in the novel Shelter describes the people he has killed as ‘waste’.This tells us he couldn’t care less about how those people who were humans just like him. He tempts them with food and warmth and when they have their backs turned he strikes. We start off thinking that there is something not quite right about Shelter and the further we get on through the novel the clearer it becomes that Shelter is completely insane. In daily routine orders 12 & 13 Shelter is much more open about his ‘army’. â€Å"My lad’ll not be doing a lot of yomping, so it doesn’t matter if the footwear is a bit slack or a bit snug†.Obviously he’s describing a sort of ‘Dead Army’ and he has been making them look the part; cutting their hair all the same length, giving them the same boots even if they aren’t always the perfect fit since they are not going to be marching around anywhere because, as we know, they are all dead, murdered by Shelter to be precise. By this point in the novel we can tell he is absolutely insane. Shelter’s claims to be clever are completely correct. The way he coaxes people into believing he is a genuinely kind, friendly, caring and approachable man, takes skill. He can put on such a good act.In daily routine orders 15 he plays the part of a man who is truly upset about his missing cat and asks Link if he’s seen it. Also in daily routine orders 15 he fools the police into believing he had nothing to do with the disappearance of Tanya. In terms of cleverness Shelter is brilliant, completely undetectable. Link and Shelte r finally meet but now we see Shelter through Links eyes. In this last chapter you start feeling sorry for Shelter. To get like he is he must of have a pretty rough life. Link goes on about how Gail will come to save him and Shelter says â€Å"She’ll let you down, they always do†.With that statement we are told that he must have had a girlfriend in the past that let him down which immediately makes you feel sorry for him. So yes, seeing Shelter through Links eyes does change our view of him. I still wouldn’t trust him more than Link, based on what I already know. To conclude my essay on how Shelter changes throughout the novel. I’d say my view of shelter changed when we came to the end of the novel. To start with he was just plain strange. He gradually went from strange to right out insane. When we came to see Shelter through Links eyes I felt sorry for him and he needed a lot of psychological help.

European Business Environment Essay

Introduction This paper focuses on the enlargement of the European Union (EU) and its effects on external and internal relations. Taking into account the analysis and forecast presented before enlargement, it shows the real consequences of the development. The most essential consequences, as well as problems in part of decision-making and administration in the EU, social consequences of the enlargement, as well as the result of the possible economic enlargement of the on both existing member countries and new entrant countries. In taking into account the future of the European Union and the perception of regional European, the study specify that for the first time in many decades the EU has the opportunity to strengthen the global role of the society and reunify the continent supported by a common democratic standards and rules, a collapse in the process of European integration would mainly perhaps mean the gradual marginalization of Europe as a foremost actor of international associations. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the fall of the bipolar order greatly affected the development of European integration. One of the main basic challenges was the disappearance of the Eastern Bloc, as the threat of the Soviet hostility served for many years as a amalgamate aspect for the Western community (Baun, 2004). The next challenge was the unification of Germany, as it was obvious for most of European countries that the prospect role and position of the united German state would be stronger and further important than that of Cold War-era Western Germany. At the same illustration, the European Union, formally established by the Treaty of Maastricht on 1 November 1993, had to respond to broader problems about its international target and the future shape. It was apparent that the European Union possibly could not have opened its door to nation that was unwary or unable to prove the good organization of their democratic governance. Additionally, the setback for the EU was that planed to outlook for the relationship served as encouragement for the new democratic organization in East-Central Europe to carry on their complex and socially troublesome reforms, the flourishing results of which became significant for the strength of the whole continent. The solution was the Copenhagen condition, explained at the summit of the European Council in Copenhagen in 1993. The rules placed general necessities for starting effective democratic organizations, respect for individual and minority human rights, and suitable instruments for promised market economy (Lindner, 2003).Upon meeting the requirement, the first candidates was capable of open the accession talks in 1998. Ten new members that united the European Union on 1 May 2004 completed these consultations in 2002. Jointly with the growth in 2004, the EU-15 developed into EU-25; after Bulgarian and Romanian accession on 1 January 2007, the coming together became the EU-27. The growth from 15 to 27 member states was the biggest in the history of European incorporation process growing the number of the EU population from about 380 to 485 million. The new states members were medium-sized and small countries, though; each of the new associate has achieved the same rights as existing members of the EU. The enlargement of Eastern has been the major difficulties in the history of European integration, not simply because of the number of new states member joining the European Union at the same time, but mainly because of differences in the level of the gross national product (GNP) involving the old and the new members states of the EU. An evaluation of GNP per capita confirms that the richest new members state have not go beyond 40% of the standard EU-15 level and much bigger asymmetry is opened by the evaluation with the wealthiest states members of the old union (Miles, 2004). In reality, earlier enlargement rounds, like the one in 1973, to comprise the Ireland, Denmark and United Kingdom the one in 1995, to include Austria, Finland, and Sweden, was accessions of states similar in economic improvement and wealth. Merely the membership of Spain and Greece in 1981 and Portugal in 1986 caught up the enlargements of countries, which were much not as good as at the moment of their accession than the standard member of the society. This led to a question of harmony between the poorer members and the rich, and needed additional financial contribution of the wealthiest member states to sustain political and economic transformation in the new member countries. Although the old member countries reacted with hesitation, they finally agreed to such assistance, being aware that it would support democratic transformation on the Continent and support to eliminate intimidation of instability for the whole society, while contributing to formation of the common European marketplace. Nevertheless the Eastern enlargement twenty years later on was incomparable in its unevenness of economic potentials and the interns of GNP per capita involving the old and the new members still with the Southern growth of the European Community (EC) in the mid-1980s (Nugent, 2004). This irregularity of enlargement collectively with fears in Western Europe about social cost, problems of intra-union administration as well as the continuing crises of EU characteristics have compounded the face of the Eastern enlargement years after the enlargement, these concern continue to distress the integration development, consequently it is worth focusing on a few of them. Even ahead of agreement, it was obvious that the Eastern enlargement from 15 to 28 members would force management and decision-making processes in the European Union, as well as the possible to paralyze or at least make difficult the mechanisms formed in the EU-15. Predicting the enlargement, the old members attempted to organize the internal decision-making systems to incorporate the new members. The Amsterdam and Nice Treaties broaden the scope of verdict to be taken supported on Qualified Majority Voting (QMV), as an alternative of harmony, and the Nice Treaty formed a specific majority system (Schmitter, 2004). It established each of the 27 members an exact number of votes gleaming its demographical potential. The major members of the EU France, Germany, Italy and the UK, were awarded 29 votes each, and the smallest states: Luxembourg 3 and Malta 4 votes, correspondingly. Poland, as the largest new member, was given 27 votes, the equivalent to the number as Spain. However, the rule of the accord has remained at as the foundation of all decision-making in the EU, particularly when it comes to critical political decisions. Even so, the caution of Taylor remained applicable as the effectiveness of decision-making in the distended European Union needed further internal amendment. The response was Treaty making a Constitution for Europe signed in Rome on 29 October 2004. The new agreement went comparatively far in its application, yet Netherlands and the France rejected the European Constitution in referendums and the last effort to improve the internal utility of the EU was the Lisbon Treaty signed on 13 December 2007. The Lisbon Treaty is in actual fact a series of provisions originally presented in the European Constitution. It has make things easier for the   EU’s legal procedures and has established the European Union a legal personality, as well as helping harmonization of the EU’s policies establishing the posts of the EU President and Foreign Minister. It reflects the objections of some members who strained the principal independence of the member states, resultant in the cut of most references that could advocate for the character of the European Union as a (super-) state, counting the initial names of the new EU council. As an effect, the new EU Foreign Minister has lastly become the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. However, the prospect of the treaty had been vague for almost two years, as its implementation required confirmation in all member states. After the optimistic result of the second Irish referendum on 2 October 2009, the president of the Czech Republic, the Polish president, Vaclav Klaus and Lech Kaczynski, finally decided to sign the Treaty. This permitted the Lisbon Treaty to come in into force on 1 December 2009 (Nugent, 2004a). The approach of the citizens in the new member states towards European incorporation has generally been optimistic. For instance, the effects of the agreement referendum in Poland demonstrated support for the association at 77%. After enlargement, assistance in Poland is still at a high level of about 70% (Preston, 1997). The Office of the Committee for European Integration, Warsaw 2009 all together, still, enlargement provoked serious worries among Western EU member countries. The forecast of the enlargement were a basis of anxiety among the populace in the old, wealthier counties members of the EU, as well as the fears of joblessness and huge immigration of employees from the much poorer states of East-Central Europe. Piotr M. Kaczynski specified that the new states were better organized for enlargement as they projected changes and were required to plan for membership. The older members and their societies only experienced the test of the Eastern enlargement on the day of new members’ agreement (Nugent, 2004b). This resulted in the distribution of fears and slogans about the â€Å"Polish nurse† or â€Å"Polish plumber† frightening for employment chances for local Western Europeans. Few in Western Europe left devoid of the benefits of the Eastern enlargement for stabilization, democratization, and union of the continent. Yet the Westerners worried that Eastern enlargement would establish   the questions of decision-making, management, asymmetry in economic potentials and as well as raise the requirement for a broader process of structuring mutual consideration between the two share equally of Europe divided for almost 50 years by the â€Å"Iron Curtain.† (Hagemann, Sara/De, Julia 2007) Still, there were numerous forecasts concerning the migration prospective. Some of them projected that the immigration from the new states would differ from 6% to even 30% of their total populace (105 million), but those more practical showed that the migration would be approximately 3-5% or yet only 2% in the longer time, taking return migration into consideration (Nugent, 2004b). In actuality, the Eastern enlargement has only in part established the fears of Western European civilization and its social effects have been less serious than projected. At the same time, it has established most of the scholars’ forecasts. In agreement with the data obtainable by Euro stat for the end of 2008, the total digit of the immigrants from the new states members has been approximately 1.7 million (Guà ©rot, 2005).This does not comprise session seasonal personnel, the number of which could be expected as an additional few hundred thousand with a propensity to sluggish down for the reason that of the current world economic disaster. The most frequent immigrants were Poles (Poland being the most crowded new member state) and Romanians operating mostly in the Ireland, Spain, and United Kingdom. Polish specialist have projected that the actual number of Poles operating in the old member countries of the EU has been at the level of 1–1.12 million (out of entirety 38 million of populace) with a possible of additional 0.6 million of seasonal recruits (Stacey, and Berthold 2003). These numbers may seem considerable, but it would be difficult to treat them as a massive influx of workers from the East. All in all, the trouble of migration from the new state member cannot be overlooked and will go on to play an important role in the opinion of euro-skeptics, but it emerge to be much less grave than originally estimated. This is accurate mainly in the situation of the current world economic catastrophe and increasing social protests adjacent to the foreign employment force in the UK and other principal states of the European Union. It may perhaps also persuade the old members to formulate informal efforts at protectionism, although the regulations of the free movement of industry and capital within the European particular market. One of the areas of debate before enlargement was the cost of the process. Yet it seems that the Eastern enlargement of the European Union has not been overly expensive, especially in comparison to the benefits. Several authors have concluded that in the longer term the enlargement would have small but positive growth effects on the whole EU, although lower in the case of the old members and higher with regard to new member states, with forecasts of an additional overall EU growth by 0.5 to 0.7%. However, it is clear that the main benefits of the enlargement are political ones, namely the opportunity to reunify the Continent and in this context, the costs of the enlargement were indeed low (estimated for the financial framework 2004-2006 at 40.16 billion euro, or 1.08% of EU GNP) (Faber, 2009). Though, looking at the differences in economic prospective and wealth-level involving the old states and new states members, it seems not possible to expect that their convergence would be attained in the short or even medium time. This implies a tough need for aiding funds from the richest states of the European Union for the improvement of the new state members. Therefore, the dilemma of financial unity between the poorest and the richest in the EU will turn into much more grave for the future of the Union than whichever time before, still after the Southern enlargement in the 1980s (Falkner, 1996). The narrow financial wealth at the Union’s disposal has led to discussion in the EU about its financial point of view. The member states take up two differing positions. France and Germany, as the leading donors, have grown hesitant to increase their assistance to the common EU budget. The financial discussions for the period 2007-2013 incorporated the demand of the major net-contributors to edge the EU resources to 1% of the Community’s GNP. The ultimate resolution accepted a maximum of 1.045%, but the indecision of the richest members to wrap the additional expenditure of the enlarged EU was understandable. The new state members, conversely, joined the EU with the hope of financial support and harmony. Knowing that their active growth depend on the kindness of the richest states of the EU, the new state fear that, the imposing idea of harmony might crash with the exaction economic interests of the main EU members. Such a distribution of the EU members into the center of the most urbanized and wealthiest nations and East-Central Europe as an edge could intimidate European integration. Yet even though the limited economic resources exist in the EU budget, the supporting of the new members states has been reasonable so far. Poland, for instance, as the largest recipient, is getting a net-assistance of â‚ ¬60 billion in the episode of 2007-2013, mostly in the form of structural and solidity funds. However, the most important concern is to keep this level of the help in the next financial agenda (2014-2020). This will be the main issue of the future discussion. The wealthiest and strongest states of the EU have well thought-out reducing some forms of support to new member’s states and support spending that would center more on new technologies, competitiveness, and innovation of the EU in the global economy. Even if it is apparent that the EU requires being more successful on the global prospect, it is evident that the financial capital available in the upcoming EU budget for innovation and new technologies would most possibly help the wealthiest state of the Union. The new states with their much poorer economies and less innovative will not be capable to struggle for this money. The new East-Central European members projected full-fledged contribution in the decision-making method of the EU, as well as value for their opinion, despite their imperfect economic potentials. But the political discussion just after the Eastern extension, which led into the new suggestion of the European Constitution and the Lisbon Treaty, were challenging for the new members states and tackle them with the perception of the new form of the European Union only a few months following their agreement. These circumstances were most difficult for Poland the largest country in the group of new states, however a medium-size state members in the EU with its ambition of playing an active political task in the European Union. In the case of Poland, which was to lower some of its recognized position in the EU exacted in the number of votes in a number of Union institutions, it was hard to clarify to people why the regulations of the membership must be altered so quickly after the agreement. Examining the first epoch after the Eastern extension, Piotr M. Kaczynski sustains that the economic outcome of the growth have been clearly constructive. The new state members improved quickly and much earlier than expected. Though, he finds that the political aspect of the enlargement is harder to review. After a first period of compliance, the new state members, particularly Czech Republic and the Poland, became more self-confident in the EU, which resulted to some quarrel between the administration of these nations and EU system. Equally Czech Republic and the Poland mainly reacted to the thoughts coming from the Western part of the EU. Their political program, if any, were typically poorly set and cast off (Steunenberg, 2002a). Later, after the enlargement, Poland and all new members comprehend more visibly that it is not only the amount of votes that make a decision their place and ability to pressure decision-making procedures in the EU. They have attained convenient experience and become more familiar with the actual political device, including the regulations of effective alliance building and cooperation. Dirk Leuffen has explained it as a progression of â€Å"socialization† in which the new state members learn how to deal with the informal and formal rules and standards in the EU. From his perspective point of view, this socialization should be well thought-out as a medium-term development ( Dirk 2010). The skill gained; during the five years following the enlargement appear to back up that the time of socialization will be shorter relatively than longer. The current Polish-Swedish suggestion of Eastern Partnership (Steunenberg, 2002b), to reinforce collaboration with several Eastern neighbors of the inflamed European Union, helped by the other members of the EU, demonstrate that new states can efficiently take part to flourishing program, or at slightly be significant partners of doing well initiatives offered together with some old states members. As consequence, the succession of the new states from East-Central Europe has not been as â€Å"detrimental† to the EU administration as it was at times recommended in Western Europe earlier than the enlargement. In conclusions, the effects of the Eastern enlargement on external and internal relations of the European Union have not been as â€Å"tragic† as it was occasionally feared prior to enlargement. The addition from 15 to 28 member nations, as well as the significant economic unevenness between old state and new state member have shaped some administration problems for the EU, but they have not busted it. The European Union ought to now focus on amplification of its present instruments and institutions. The new states have rapidly learned the Union’s regulations and procedures and to place political conciliation before majority of votes. Thus, the agreement code has retained its center value in the EU. The significance of the incorporation process is the vision of a new regional individuality based on resolution among the European countries. The Eastern enlargement has opened the way to a real unification of the continent. After the occurrence of two World Wars on its region, it behooves Europe not to lose this opportunity. Thus, harmony between the old states and new members remains the subject to a flourishing future of the society. References Baun, Michael 2004: â€Å"Intergovernmental Politics†. In: Nugent, Neill (ed.) European Union Enlargement. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 132-145. Blockmans, Steven/Prechal, Sacha (eds.) 2008: Reconciling the Deepening and Widening of the European Union. The Hague: T.M.C Asser Press Dehousse, Renaud/Deloche-Gaudez, Florence/Duhamel, Olivier (eds.) 2006: Élargissement. Common l’Europes’adapte. Paris: Centre d’à ©tudes europà ©ennes, Presses Sciences Po. Dirk Leuffen 2010. â€Å"Breaking the Camel’s Back? Eastern Enlargement and EU Governance.† ECPR Paper Number 853, Center for Comparative and International Studies, ETH Zurich, p. 6 Faber, Anne 2009: â€Å"Eastern Enlargement in Perspective: A Comparative View on EC/EU Enlargements†. In: Loth, Wilfried (ed.): Experiencing Europe. 50 Years of European Construction 1957-2007. Baden-Baden: Nomos, pp. 305-325. Falkner, Gerda 1996: â€Å"Enlarging the European Union†. In: Richardson, Jeremy J. (ed.) European Union. Power and policy-making. London/New York: Routledge, pp. 233-246 Guà ©rot, Ulrike 2005: †Consequences and Strategic Impact of Enlargement on the (Old) EU†. In: Brimmer, Esther/ Frà ¶hlich, Stefan (eds.): The Strategic Implications of European Union Enlargement. Johns Hopkins University: Centre for Transatlantic Relations, pp. 53-72. Hagemann, Sara/De Clerck-Sachsse, Julia 2007: Decision-Making in the Council of Ministers: Evaluating the Facts. CEPS Policy brief No. 119, January 2007, available at http://www.ceps.be. Lindner, Johannes 2003: â€Å"Institutional stability and change: two sides of the same coin†. Journal of European Public Policy 10:6, December 2003, pp. 912-935. Miles, Lee 2004: â€Å"Theoretical Considerations†. In: Nugent, Neill (ed.) European Union Enlargement. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 253-265. Nugent, Neill (ed.) 2004: European Union Enlargement. Palgrave Macmillan. Nugent, Neill 2004a: â€Å"Previous Enlargement Rounds.† In: Nugent, Neill (ed.): European Union Enlargement. PalgraveMacmillan, pp. 22-33. Nugent, Neill 2004b: â€Å"Distinctive and Recurrent Features of Enlargement Rounds.† In: Nugent, Neill (ed.): European Union Enlargement. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 56-69. Preston, Christopher 1997: Enlargement and Integration in the European Union. London/New York: Routledg Schmitter 2004: â€Å"Neo-Neofunctionalism†. In: Wiener, Antje/Diez, Thomas (eds.): European Integration Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 45-74. Stacey, Jeffrey/Rittberger, Berthold 2003: â€Å"Dynamics of formal and informal institutional change in the EU†. Journal of European Public Policy 10:6, December 2003, pp. 858-883. Steunenberg, Bernard (ed.) 2002: Widening the European Union. The politics of institutional change and reform. London/New York: Routledge. Steunenberg, Bernard 2002a: â€Å"Enlargement and reform in the European Union†. In: Steunenberg, Bernard (ed.): Widening the European Union. The politics of institutional change and reform. London/New York: Routledge, pp. 3-20. Steunenberg, Bernard 2002b: â€Å"An even wider Union. The effects of enlargement on EU decision-making†. In: Steunenberg, Bernard (ed.): Widening the European Union. The politics of institutional change and reform. London/ New York: Routledge, pp. 97-118.

Detection and Differentiation of Tomato Cell Death Essay

The lesions, yellowing, abnormal growth, and drying of tomato leaves at the early stage of the plant affect its fruit bearing. This phenomenon is ascribed to cell death which caused primarily of either â€Å"programmed cell death† or as consequences of the plant’s spontaneous response with pathological agents. Although cell death is an integral part of the plant’s development, extraneous loss of the cell results to the aforementioned consequences. Thus, proper regulation of cell death must be done. Since apoptosis and necrosis can possibly occur in plants, the determination of the type of cell death is crucial in the identification of the appropriate technique for its regulation. In this study, sterilized Solanum lycopersicoides seeds will be germinated at 25  °C culture laboratory. Prior to experimentation, the generated cells will be washed and a two-millimolar pyruvate will be added for ATP production. Then, the cells will be exposed to 2. 5 micromolar of oligomycin for ATP depletion. Also, to limit energy generation to cytosolic ATP production cell will be incubated in the 5 millimolar glucose with 2. 5 micromolar oligomycin. After this, cells will be incubated with staurosporine. Meanwhile, the cell death will be analyzed with respect to morphological criteria, intracellular proteolysis, and DNA fragmentation through conventional agarose gel electrophorosis or field inverted gel electrophoresis. While death detection of the cell will be done by means of Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay, ATP measurement will be done through luminometry. Moreover, phosphatidyl serine traslocation analysis will be done by means of Annexin-V-FLUOS technique to be followed by confocal microscopy and fluorescent-activated cell sorting. Detection and Differentiation of Tomato Cell Death Introduction The term â€Å"apoptosis† was derived from a Greek word which literally corresponds to â€Å"falling off† or â€Å"dropping off†, as analogous to abscission to signify cell death as integral part of every organism’s life cycle (Gewies, 2003). In the mid-nineteenth century, it has been noted that cell death occurs in parallel with physiological functions for every multi-cellular organism (Gewies, 2003). In connection to this, in 1964, expert postulated that cell death occurs not accidentally, but rather in a controlled sequence of steps (Gewies, 2003). Meanwhile, cell death is classified either as apoptosis or necrosis based on morphological and biochemical changes undergone by the cell (Schulze-Osthoff, 2008). As such, plasma membrane of the cell may suffer necrosis due to extreme physiological conditions like hypothermia and hypertonic environment (Schulze-Osthoff, 2008). This plasma membrane damage can also be induced by pathological agents and viruses. On the other hand, the cell can incur apoptosis even at normal physiological conditions, thus, often called as â€Å"programmed cell death† or â€Å"cellular suicide† (Schulze-Osthoff, 2008). The â€Å"programmed cell death† involves intricate biochemical processes; pathogens and environmental stresses attack every cell by means of chemical signals. For example, death signals can be originated from malfunction in DNA repair mechanism, cytotoxic drug treatment, ligation of cell surface receptors, and irradiation (Gewies, 2003). In relation to this, plant responses to inhibit pathogenic growth and disease development by means of protective genes activation which in turn, through chemical reactions, kills the infected cells. The cellular death process then is directed by specific signals and independent biochemical processes in every cell (Dickman, Park, Oltersdorf, Li, Clemente, and French, 2001). Hence, understanding the intricacy of cell death requires an intensive knowledge on chemical principles behind apoptotic or necrotic process. Literature Review Apoptosis, on the basis of pathological and physiological conditions, serves a crucial role in the development of multicellular organisms and regulates cell populations in different tissues (Gewies, 2003). Apoptotic processes direct biological processes such as elimination of harmful cells, differentiation, immune system regulation, and homoeostasis (Gewies, 2003). Hence, apoptotic program dysfunction may lead to pathological conditions like viral infections, cancer, and even AIDS (Gewies, 2003). On the other hand, necrosis occurs when the cell’s inability to regulate homeostasis led to the passage of extraneous water and cellular ions into the cell which results to swelling and lysis (Schulze-Osthoff, 2008). As a consequence, the organelles are then exposed to the extracellular fluid. In contrast, apoptosis may arise even at normal cell condition or tissue homeostasis (Schulze-Osthoff, 2008). This involves chromatin accumulation, cytoplasmic and nuclear condensations, cytoplasm and nucleus transformation into apoptotic bodies that encapsulate nuclear material, ribosomes, and mitochondria (Schulze-Osthoff, 2008). While in vivo necrosis results to damaged tissues causing inflammation, the apoptotic bodies formed by in vivo apoptosis are engulped by adjacent ephitelial cells or macrophages (Schulze-Osthoff, 2008). Conversely, the apoptotic bodies formed by in vitro apoptosis undergo â€Å"secondary necrosis† or final swelling and bursting (Schulze-Osthoff, 2008). Every human body has an estimated 1014 cells that are in continuous progress (Schulze-Osthoff, 2008). In fact, hundreds of thousands cells are generated through mitosis in every second but almost equal number suffers apoptosis due to specific tasks and homeostasis regulation (Gewies, 2003). For instance, the elimination of the tail, and the separation of fingers and toes of a tadpole during its metamorphosis are all attributed to cell death (Schulze-Osthoff, 2008). In addition, newly formed or perilous lymphocytes are destroyed through cell death (Schulze-Osthoff, 2008). Furthermore, programmed cell death or PCD has been observed in variety of species such as in mammals, metazoans, nematodes, insects, cnidaria, plants, and even in unicellular organisms (Gewies, 2003). Thus, cell death is scientifically viewed as essential in the functionality maintenance of an organism. Even though plants have the capability to protect themselves from pathogenic invaders through cell death, viral pestilence and antibiotic stressors, most often, are the cause of loss in tomato harvest (Xu, Rogers, and Roossink, 2004). As defensive response, cell death occurs only in the infected sites or termed as hypersensitive response (Morel and Dangl, 1997). Other means of plants’ defense are through cell wall reinforcement, phytoalexin synthesis, and defense-related genes activation (Kazan, Murray, Goulter, Llewellyn, and Manners, 1998). In hypersensitive response, the pathogen is restricted to a specific part of the plant through localized necrotic reactions (Taliansky, Ryabov, Robinson, and Palukaitis, 1998). Significance Researches showed that at some points PCD of plants and animals is similar. As such, jus like animal cells, plant cells generate apoptotic bodies during apoptosis (Greenberg, 1996). Also, DNA fragmentation is both observed in plants and animals apoptosis (Greenberg, 1996). Moreover, antiapoptotic gene, homologous to dad 1, in animal cells was also detected in plant cells (Greenberg, 1996). However, despite these similarities, differences were also noted. For instance, unlike animal cells, plant cells do not exhibit phagocytotic characteristics. In fact, dead cells of the plants may still perform important functions for the whole architectural organization of the plant (Greenberg, 1996). Hence, further exploration on the nature of PCD in plants should be done to gain an intensive understanding on the underpinning principles behind plant cell death. Similarly, yellowing, abnormal growth, and drying of tomato leaves at the early stage of the plant directly affect its photosynthetic activities. These observations are ascribed to cell death which caused primarily of either â€Å"programmed cell death† or as consequences of the plant’s spontaneous response with pathological agents (Greenberg, 1996). Although cell death is an integral part of the plant’s development, extraneous loss of the cell results to the aforementioned consequences. Thus, proper regulation of cell death must be done. Since apoptosis and necrosis can possibly occur in plants, the determination of the type of cell death is crucial in the identification of the appropriate technique for its regulation. Therefore, it is an imperative to determine the possible type of death, under specific physiological conditions, experienced by tomato cells in order to employ the appropriate intervention in regulating cell death. Experimental Design Sterilized Solanum lycopersicoides seeds will be germinated at 25  °C culture laboratory (Leist, Single, Castoldi, Kuhnle, and Nicotera, 1997). Prior to experimentation, the generated cells will be washed and in the absence of glucose, a two-millimolar pyruvate will be added for ATP production (Leist, Single, Castoldi, Kuhnle, and Nicotera, 1997). Then, the cells will be exposed to 2. 5 micromolar of oligomycin for ATP depletion. Also, to limit energy generation to cytosolic ATP production cell will be incubated in the 5 millimolar glucose and 2. 5 micromolar oligomycin concoctions (Leist, Single, Castoldi, Kuhnle, and Nicotera, 1997). After this, cells will be incubated with staurosporine or STS, a cell death inducer. Meanwhile, the cell death will be analyzed with respect to morphological criteria, intracellular proteolysis, and DNA fragmentation through conventional agarose gel electrophoresis or field inverted gel electrophoresis (Leist, Single, Castoldi, Kuhnle, and Nicotera, 1997). While death detection of the cell will be done by means of Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay or ELISA of Roche Technology, ATP measurement will be done through luminometrical technology of Boehringer Mannheim Biochemicals (Leist, Single, Castoldi, Kuhnle, and Nicotera, 1997). Moreover, phosphatidyl serine or PS traslocation analysis will be done by means of Annexin-V-FLUOS technique to be followed by confocal microscopy and fluorescent-activated cell sorting or FACS analysis (Leist, Single, Castoldi, Kuhnle, and Nicotera, 1997). Cell Death Detection and Differentiation The following instrumental techniques will be utilized in this study for the detection of tomato cell death, and for the apoptotic and necrotic death differentiation. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are nucleotide polymers joined by diester bonds of the sugar units (Devor, 2005). These linkages between nucleotides give a negative overall charge to the nucleic acid polymer. Molecules with net electrical charges move predictably under electrical field. Hence, when nucleic acids are subjected to semi-solid gel matrix, they move toward the positive pole (Devor, 2005). In an agarose matrix, the mobility of nucleic acids can be formulated by treating its viscosity as gel density with respect to its entire length (Devor, 2005). This migration is then expressed as a negative exponential function of the radius of nucleic acid (Devor, 2005). ELISAPLUS Cell Death Detection ELISAPLUS is a one-step colorimetric technique of detecting cell death. It can differentiate necrosis from apoptosis with relative quantification (Roche Applied Science, 2007). This can be done without cell staining. ELISAPLUS can be utilized for culture supernatants, plasma, lysates, and serum (Roche Applied Science, 2007). About three hours after induced apoptosis, histone-complexed DNA fragments can be detected through immunochemical method (Roche Applied Science, 2007). On the other hand, the histone-complexed DNA fragments are determined directly in the culture supernatant (Roche Applied Science, 2007). Annexin-V-FLUOS Annexin-V-FLUOS, employed for microscopic and cytometric analysis, is done by means of direct fluorescence staining (Roche Applied Science, 2007). This technique can differentiate necrotic from apoptotic cells and typically used for apoptotic detection of membrane-altered cells especialy in PS-translocation (Roche Applied Science, 2007). In line with this, freshly isolated cells and suspension or adherent cell lines are the appropriate samples for this test (Roche Applied Science, 2007). As such, the PS of the cell surface and necrotic cells are stained by FLUOS or green dye and Annexin-V-Alexa or red dye respectively (Roche Applied Science, 2007). Lastly, about 15 minutes after induced apoptosis, determination test is already done (Roche Applied Science, 2007). References Devor, E. J. (2005). IDTutorial: Gel Electrophoresis. Integrated DNA Technologies. Retrieved March 6, 2009, from http://www. idtdna. com/Support/Technical/TechnicalBulletinPDF/Gel_Electrophoresis. pdf Dickman, M. B. , Park, Y. K. , Oltersdorf, T. , Li, W. , Clemente, T. and French, R. (2001). Abrogation of Disease Development in Plants Expressing Animal Antiapoptotic Genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 19, 12, 6957-6962. Gewies, A. (2003). Introduction to Apoptosis. Apo Review. Retrieved March 6, 2009, from http://www. celldeath. de/encyclo/aporev/apointro. pdf Greenberg, J. T. (1996). Programmed Cell Death: A Way of Life for Plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93, 12094-12097. Kazan, K. , Murray, F. R. , Goulter, K. C. , Llewellyn, D. J. and Manners, J. M. (1998). Induction of Cell Death in Transgenic Plants Expressing a Fungal Glucose Oxidase. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 11, 6, 555-562. Leist, M. , Single, B. , Castoldi, A. F. , Kuhnle, S. , and Nicotera P. (1997) Intracellular ATP Concentration: A Switch Deciding Between Apoptosis and Necrosis. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 185, 1481–1486. Morel, J. B. and Dangl, J. L. (1997). The Hypersensitive Response and the Induction of Cell Death in Plants. Cell Death and Differentiation, 4, 671-683. Roche Applied Science. (2007). Apoptosis, Cell Death and Cell Proliferation, 3rd ed. Mannheim, Germany: Roche Diagnostics GmbH. Schulze-Osthoff, K. (2008). Apoptosis, Cell Death and Cell Proliferation, 4th ed. Roche Applied Science. Mannheim, Germany: Roche Diagnostics GmbH. Taliansky, M. E. , Ryabov, E. V. , Robinson, D. J. and Palukaitis, P. (1998). Tomato Cell Death Mediated by Complementary Plant viral Satellite RNA Sequences. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 11, 12, 1214-1222. Xu, P. , Rogers, S. J. and Roossink, M. (2004). Expression of Antiapoptotic Genes bcl-xl and ced-9 in Tomato Enhances Tolerance to Viral-Induced Necrosis and Antibiotic Stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101, 4, 15805-15810.